The objective of this study was to evaluate the strategies for groundwater resources management, including competition groundwater pumping, optimal control in groundwater pumping, groundwater use and tax policy, water users' PARTICIPATION in groundwater pumping control, and cooperation among government and water user associations in Narimany plain located in Khorasan Province. Irrigation water demand of sugar beet growers was estimated for empirical assessment of the strategies. The results indicated that among the strategies, groundwater use and tax policy may lead growers to sustainable use of groundwater resources. Furthermore, the results showed a desirable strategy is affected by cultural, social, and economic characteristics of growers and general prevalent conditions of society.Moreover, each strategy calls for its obligations, for instance, it is necessary to have an efficient taxation system for the proposed strategy. Hence, by internalizing the external cost of groundwater overdraft (that is taxing water users) government can force them to consider the adverse effects of their decisions on other producers.

Development experts have distinguished citizenship control as the highest form and degree of PARTICIPATION. In such PARTICIPATION, people have decision-making power in issues that affect their daily lives. The identification of variables that ensure women and men’s ability to control societys affairs is important for the realization of PARTICIPATION. This article aims to identify the different forms of women’s social PARTICIPATION and its related factors. It is based on a study that was conducted in the city of Tehran.The analytical framework was assisted by theory application and previous empirical studies. Six forms of PARTICIPATION were identified: civil, social support ,cultural-entertainment, local, charity-religious, and revolutionary. Civil PARTICIPATION was the least prevalent among women, while charity-religious PARTICIPATION was the most widespread. In general, the level of social PARTICIPATION in Tehran was lower than expected

The relation of PARTICIPATION with a country’s development has given a new and broad dimension to the issue and it is necessary to prepare appropriate grounds for women’s PARTICIPATION in the society. There is no single theory in sociology that could be employed to explain or elaborate women’s social PARTICIPATION in particular in developing countries. Therefore, a specific conceptual framework was designed for this research. This article presents part of the research findings that has been conducted by survey method. The research has been conducted for the purpose of studying the rate of factors influencing women’s social PARTICIPATION in Tehran. The research variables include cultural and socio-economic characteristics, values, and the family. The findings indicate a higher than average level of religious-charity PARTICIPATION and low tendency towards other kinds of social PARTICIPATION among women. On the basis of the rate of social PARTICIPATION, women are divided into four groups: The most passive group of women 38 percent, isolationists 31 percent, cultural activists 14 percent and women with the highest rate of social PARTICIPATION 16 percent in the respective society. The structural and family constraints are reported as the most considerable obstructions in the way of social PARTICIPATION.

PARTICIPATION can be defined as a decision making process influencing on life. This term has been used and discussed more or less by other scholars but recently it has got new versions of application. One of the recent versions can be called children's social PARTICIPATION which came to existence in recent decades following Children Rights Convention. This fact can be brought into account according to development and accountability related to citizenship. The education based on rights and accountability will be of great advantage toward children social PARTICIPATION and is known as a prerequisite for the development of society. In this article, the main attention has been paid to practical PARTICIPATION and citizenship according to a scheme of education and experience. Basically it is believed that Iranian society needs a thoughtful revolution to take advantage of children PARTICIPATION and give them a sense of responsibility.

The complex and vague relationship between the type of occupation and election PARTICIPATION has received little attention in Iran. This article attempted to investigate the relationship between the two variables in the Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Presidential Elections using the comparative research method. The research findings showed that the election periods, as independent variables, have significant impacts on election PARTICIPATION, so we cannot create an index for all of the election periods. In the Tenth and Eleventh election periods, the rates of election PARTICIPATION among businesses were lower than the private sector. Furthermore, the PARTICIPATION rate is low among the following occupation: service personnel and sellers, technicians and assistants, specialists, and workers.